Overview
Demonstrate that AM radio signals can travel many 100s of miles at night. The student will listen to as many radio stations as possible, obtaining the call signs and places of origin during the evening (after sunset) hours.
| TOTAL TIME | 30 minutes to two hours during the evening (or early in the morning before sunrise). |
|---|---|
| SUPPLIES | Radio with an AM band; pen/pencil |
| PRINTED/AV MATERIAL | Radio Station Reception Form (pdf) |
| TEACHER PREPARATION | Supply the students with a list of the local AM radio stations. |
| SAFETY FOCUS | NOAA Weather Radio |
Procedure
- Access an AM radio. If a portable AM radio is not available, automobile radios will often work well. (Have the student ask a parent or guardian to help supervise them while listening to AM radio stations in an automobile. Students without a valid driver's license are not to be left alone with keys to the vehicle.)
- Search for a radio signal that is not from a local station. (Most will be faint, but the reception is usually clear enough to understand.) Stations broadcasting sporting events are easy to identify.
- Listen for the station identifier "call sign". The call sign is a three- or four-letter identifier beginning with the letter "W" or "K". In the U.S., stations are required to broadcast their call sign within 5 minutes of the top of the hour.
- Log the call sign and location (city) of the transmission. Also note the quality of the signal. Was it loud? Soft? Fade in and out? What was broadcast: news, sports, etc.? Was there a lot of static? etc.
- Search for another signal and repeat.
- You can compare the students results with the list of clear channel stations. It is entirely possible that students hear broadcasts that are not local and not one of the powerful nighttime radio stations.
Discussion
During the daytime, the distance the AM radio signal travels is the distance the ground wave travels, based upon the power of the transmitter. The signal also reaches the ionosphere.
The D-Layer of the ionosphere plays an interesting role. While there are no radio signals reflected off this layer, it does absorb AM radio signals. Because signals are absorbed, there is less interference between them. Therefore, more radio stations are transmitting during the daytime, and these stations can often transmit at higher power.
At night, the D-Layer disappears, and the transmitted signal can then bounce off the ionosphere and return back to the Earth. As a result, some low power stations must cease transmission at sunset, while others reduce their transmitted power to reduce interference.
However, there are high power clear channel stations that can broadcast all night. It is these stations the students will most likely find.
Building a Weather-Ready Nation
NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) is a nationwide network of radio stations broadcasting continuous weather information direct from a nearby National Weather Service office. NWR broadcasts National Weather Service warnings, watches, forecasts and other hazard information 24 hours a day.
Working with the Federal Communication Commission's (FCC) Emergency Alert System, NWR is an "all hazards" radio network, making it your single source for comprehensive weather and emergency information. NWR also broadcasts warning and post-event information for all types of hazards - both natural (such as earthquakes and volcano activity) and environmental (such as chemical releases or oil spills).
Known as the "Voice of the National Weather Service," NWR is provided as a public service by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), part of the Department of Commerce. NWR includes more than 900 transmitters, covering all 50 states, adjacent coastal waters, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Pacific Territories. NWR requires a special radio receiver or scanner capable of picking up the signal.
For more information, go to the NOAA weather Radio website.